![]() The Navkär Mantra contains the main message of Jainism. This mantra is also called Namaskär or Namokär Mantra because we are bowing down. When we recite Navkar Mantra, it also reminds us that we need to be like them. In this mantra, we worship their virtues rather than worshiping any one particular person therefore, this Mantra is not named after Lord Mahavir, Lord Parshvanath or Adinath, etc. Collectively, they are called Panch Parmesthi (five supreme spiritual people). While reciting the Navkar Mantra, we are bowing down with respect to Arihantas (souls who have reached the state of non-attachment towards worldly process), Siddhas (liberated souls), Ächäryäs (heads of sadhus and sadhvis), Upädhyäyas (those who teach scriptures to sadhus and sadhvis), Sädhus (monks, who have voluntarily given up social, economical and family relationships) and Sädhvis (nuns, who have voluntarily given up social, economical and family relationships). The Navkar Mantra is the most important mantra in Jainism and can be recited at any time. While reciting this mantra, the devotee bows with respect to the Panch Parameshti (the Supreme Five) in the order of their sanctity of soul. The Ṇamōkāra Mantra (णमोकार मन्त्र) is the first prayer recited by the Jains while doing Samayik. Mangalanam cha savvesim, padamama havai mangalam Padhmam Havei Mangalam - (it) is indeed the foremost auspicious one. Manglanancha Savvesim - And, of all auspicious mantras, Savva Paav Panasano - completely destroys all the sins and obstacles. Namah Loye Savva Saahunam - I bow to all the Sages of the world.Īiso Panch Namahkkaro - This five-fold salutation (mantra) ![]() Namah Uvjhayanam - I bow to the Upadhyays, the Teachers. Namah Ayariyanam - I bow to the Acharyas, the Preceptors. Namah Siddhhanam - I bow to the Siddhas, the Liberated ones. Namah Arihantanam - I bow to the Arihants, the Conquerors. Some scholars have also read 103 years as 300 years and fixed the date of Kharavela around 45 BCE considering the date of Buddha nirvana around 483 BCE and the date of Nanda Dynasty around 345 BCE.The Ṇamōkāra Mantra (णमोकार मन्त्र), also variously referred to as the Navakar Mantra (नवकार मन्त्र), Namaskār Mantra (नमस्कार मन्त्र) or the Pancha Parameshti Namaskār, is the most significant mantra in Jainism. Some historians suggest that Nandaraja must be identified as Ashoka and the date of the Hathigumpha inscription must be around 154 BCE considering 103 years elapsed from the date of the conquest of Kalinga by Ashoka (257 BCE). It may be noted that the Hathigumpha inscription clearly mentions the date as 103 years from the reign of King Nandaraja but historians have either conveniently ignored or distorted this fact in fixing the date of Kharavela. Some scholars have also speculated that Kharavela mentions the name of Yavana King Dimiti? or Demetrius I (200-180 BC) and therefore, he must be dated around 200-180 BCE. Historians generally date Kharavela around 170-150 BCE. Thus, Kharavela belonged to the dynasty of King Cheta or the Cheti or Chedi dynasty (Chandra-vamsa) and the family of King Mahameghavahana. Therefore, a clan of Chandra-vamsi kings was known as Aira. ![]() Chandra-Vamsi King Pururava’s wife was Ira. Evidently, Kharavela was the follower of Jainism. Kharavela invokes Namokara mantra of Jainism (Namo Arihantanam Namo sava-Siddhanam) in the beginning of the inscription. He was the author of the famous Hathigumpha inscription. Kharavela was the great king of Kalinga and the earliest known king of Kalinga from epigraphic sources.
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